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Learning to Love Asian Machine Tools |
Having chosen this path, indeed having embraced it enthusiastically, what must be done to maximize the potential of these machines? Let's start by briefly understanding what I think are their principal weaknesses: rigidity, speed, capacity, and convenience.
As we shall see, there are answers for each of these. More than once on the web I have read an experienced machinist opine that he could get good results out of the box from one of these machines because he "knew how to do it." I will explore some general thoughts on how to do it as well as why these things work, and then I will drill down on the specific operations each machine is capable of to provide some of the tips I've researched along with my notes on how well it has worked for me. This is a labor under construction, so don't be surprised if it's incomplete, or if it changes from time to time.
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Rigidity |
Rigidity is the main weakness in these machines. They lack rigidity because:
- They are smaller than "professional" sized machines. It takes a certain scale to achieve rigidity.
- They are lighter. Again, it takes scale, or in this case, mass to achieve the rigidity. Check on eBay sometime to see how much the professional machines weigh. It's a tremendous task just to move one from place to place involving an experienced professional called a "rigger".
- They may use less strong materials. These machines are cheap. They aren't going to be made out of solid green unobtanium or the other materials high end machines are constructed of. They aren't made to take the stresses of years of production usage. That's okay--this is a hobby, remember?!??
- In some cases, their design may make them less smooth and precise. For example, they may use bushings rather than bearings in some places.
Get in the habit of thinking about rigidity as you're planning a job. You will soon be thinking of ways to get the job done without over stressing the machine. Even big machines have rigidity limits that a skilled machinist knows how to approach for maximum productivity, but will avoid exceeding. If we do exceed the limits, here is what can happen:
- Loss of Accuracy: It's easy to see this one coming. Exceeding the limits of rigidity means things start to bend out of place. A little bit of this kind of thing may not matter if we're roughing, but we need to take care when finishing. Get used to the idea that you may use different techniques and even tools for roughing (the initial cuts that remove the most metal, but leave a rough finish and poor tolerances) and finishing (final steps removing very little material in order to achieve a fine finish and close tolerances). This is true for the big machines as well as our small ones.
- Chatter and Other Cutter Woes: If we can't maintain proper geometry of cutter to workpiece, how can we expect our cutters to work properly? Push too far and the finish will be terrible, the cutter will wear faster, it may break, and you won't even be cutting as quickly as you could by doing the job properly.
- Breakage: Flexing while cutting metal brings the potential for breakage of the part, the machine, or the tooling. Under certain circumstances, the flexing sucks the tool in even harder, causing more flexing, more sucking in, and a generally vicious cycle. Let's avoid coming any where near this condition, shall we?
- Injury: Once we have breakage, there are bits of metal flying about our shop propelled my motors generating multiple horsepower and rapidly spinning machinery. That has to involve tremendous potential for personal injury. No matter how minor the injury, the potential is there for a crippling or even fatal injury if circumstances are just a bit different. Why take the risk? Learn how to use your machines properly and don't stress them to any where near their limits.
What can be done to deal with the limited rigidity of our machines? Fortunately, there are a number of useful strategies we can employ:
- Use Softer Materials: Must we make that part of Inconel, Titanium, or even Stainless Steel? Wouldn't Aluminum do just as well? Your machine will likely cut the softer materials faster, more accurately, and will leave behind a more attractive finish when you're done. Your tools will last longer, and you will generally have less aggravation with the project. Try to use the softest materials that will get your job done.
- Cut Less: Removing a half inch of diameter from a piece you're turning on the lathe is going to inspire you to take deep cuts so you don't have to go back and forth so often. If you can buy your raw materials closer to finished size, or use your saw (plasma torch, grinder, or whatever) to get closer before beginning the precision machine work, you can afford to take lighter cuts. Also, if it's turning you're doing, there will be a less massive piece to spin in the jaws of your chuck. Don't forget to think out of the box too. Is there a way to scale up the part so it's closer to the raw material you have on hand and it will therefore require less material be removed? In his wonderful book, Machine Shop Trade Secrets, James Harvey recommends cutting within 0.1" of your finished dimension before you even begin machining on a lathe or mill. This is the recommendation for professionals, and you should keep it in mind for your hobby too!
- Set Things Up Properly: What's the most rigid way to hold a part in your lathe for turning? Probably not your 3-jaw chuck. What angle should the tool be to the part for maximum rigidity? For boring, angle your boring bar as much as possible, and try not to go "straight in" (another tip from Mr. Harvey). Can you lock parts of the machine that won't need to move so they'll be more solid? If you are using the tailstock, have you retracted it as much as possible? Can you mill with the quill retracted as far as possible? Have you buried the part in your chuck, leaving as little unsupported as possible? Learn all the tricks you can here, and keep a notebook to refresh your memory. Plan a set up carefully around these ideas. Don't just jump in haphazardly. With enough practice, this becomes second nature, but if you are an occasional hobbyist, refresh your memory often from that notebook!
- Modify Your Machine or Tooling: Sometimes there are changes we can make to our machines to improve performance. The Asian tool community has a wealth of these that are carefully documented and make fun projects that will permanently improve the performance of your machine. Sometimes you can buy or build tooling to help as well. Jigs and fixtures can be very helpful to pros and amateurs alike. To often the amateur is in too much hurry to start making chips.
These are general concepts to think about. When I reach a point of documenting each specific operation for each machine, this web site will be my notebook of techniques which you can refer to as well.
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Speed |
You can find video clips on the web of high speed CNC machines cutting faster than I can write letters by hand. They are wonderful mesmerizing clips to entertain, but they do not reflect the reality of our hobby machines. You will find your Asian tools do well to cut a couple of tenths of an inch through soft materials on a roughing cut unless your technique is extremely good and you've made a lot of modifications to your machine and tooling. Many times you will have to slow the spindle or feed to avoid chatter, keep from stalling the motor, or preserve accuracy. Who cares?
We're not running a production shop here where time is money. We're doing precision one off machining for our own amusement. With that said, consider the following:
- Pay Attention to Rigidity: A good solid set up will take more speed. Follow all the rigidity guidelines and you can cut faster.
- Cut Closer With the Saw: Remember, get within 0.1" before machining! The saw cuts much faster than your lathe or mill can. Also consider drilling things out close to where you need to be with a big drill in the drill press rather than hogging out with a mill or boring tool.
- Change Tactics When Roughing: We've already mentioned we can tolerate more, ah, roughness, when roughing. I'll get into specifics later, but you can push harder when you're hogging out material than when you are cutting to precise tolerances and trying to achieve a final finish. Also, different tooling may be used. For example, carbide cuts many materials faster (some say 3x) than HSS tools, but for many materials (such as Aluminum) HSS will produce a finer finish.
- Do As Much As Possible With Each Setup: Setting up a machining operation takes quite a lot of time. You will save time to do as much as possible in a setup before moving on to the next set up. For example, do both the roughing and finishing in the same setup.
- Plan Ahead: How are you going to hold the workpiece on each operation? What is the optimal tooling and setup? Make some notes and a plan of action before you take your first cut. Thinking ahead will always save some time. Keep notes on your machine's capacity. How fast were you able to cut the last time? Remember, there are variables involved to make sure you compare apples to apples. Books like Machinery's Handbook are filled with tables and formulae. Find a few that work for you and study how your machine responds to them. Harvey offers his favorites in his book, things like chip load. You don't need to whole handbook to start an operation close to the optimal based on past experience and then tweak the job in quickly as you go.
- Favor Faster Feeds Over Spindle Speed Or Deeper Cuts: All three variables work together to determine how fast material is converted to chips, however, faster feeds with a slower spindle and shallower cuts will produce the best results while taxing your machine the least.
- Modify Your Machine or Tooling: As with rigidity, there are changes you can make to your machine or tooling to maximize potential speed. More horsepower, or the ability to apply exactly the power that can be used (variable speed motor) can help tremendously.
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Capacity |
This one is hard to overcome. If you need to swing a 12" part on a 9" lathe you are probably stuck. Start out buying the largest machine your budget allows and try to keep your projects from being too large. You'll find you can do a lot with your machines, and who knows, maybe you'll be upgrading to a larger machine someday. It may be that just a few of the parts for a project need the larger machine, in which case you could concievably farm that work out to the local machine shop and still carry on with most of the rest of the work.
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Convenience |
Another area the Asian machines have to compromise is in convenience, which in this case means labor saving features. For example, they'll require you to hunt down a wrench for a bolt instead of providing a nice cam lock with a ball handled lever. Getting over these issues is a mixture of spending time with your machine so that you are efficient at using it and modifying the machine to add the missing features you most desire. All doable, and there is plenty of information on the web to help you plan what to do.
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Made in Taiwan Versus Made in China |
There seems to be considerable consensus that machines made in Taiwan are significantly better (and more expensive) than those made in China. There are also some machines (such as Mori Seiki lathe clones) coming out of Korea that are quite good. If you have the budget and want a cut above in the new Asian tool market, keep an eye out for these machines.
Brands I've come across the import some or all of their line (be sure to check carefully!) from Taiwan include Acer, Acra, Birmingham, Grizzly (only a few lathes at the very high end), Hwacheon, Jet, Kingston, Lion, Sharp, Summit, Takisawa, Tos, Victor, and Webb.